Mbiri ya chitukuko cha nyumba zachitsulo m'mitundu yambiri

M'mbiri ya kapangidwe ka anthu, zinthu zachilengedwe monga dziko lapansi, miyala ndi zotamwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba ndi anthu omanga. Popita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo muumunthu, chitsulo ndi zitsulo zimapangidwa pamlingo waukulu, ndikubweretsa zinthu zolimba, zolimbitsa thupi zomanga, zimapangitsa kuti apange nyumba zazitali komanso zotetezeka.

Makampani achitsulo ndi chitsulo padziko lonse ku Europe adayamba kukhala woyamba, ndipo zolengedwa zachitsulo ndi zitsulo ku Europe ndizotsatiranso. 1720 Europe inayamba kupanga chitsulo, 1784 yakhala ndikupanga chitsulo chokhwima, nthawi ino Euron idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, ma tanda a ku Britain adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zoyambirira, nyumba zoyambirira za dziko lapansi (1772), chitsulo choyamba Nyanja ya Colunt-Standy (1793) ndi nyumba yomanga yoyambirira ya chitsulo (1797) idamangidwa ku Britain.

Kupanga kwakukulu kwa ine-romaning zamitundu ku Europe mu Europe mu 1854, komwe kunali kofananira ndi nyumba zofatsa mu 1864, komwe kumakhala ndi nyumba zofananira. Nyumbayo idamangidwa mafupa achitsulo okha, okhala ndi mitengo ndi mizata yolimbana kwambiri ndikulimbana ndi mavuto amkuntho, dongosolo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba zamakono zamakono.

Chithunzi 1-1

Kapangidwe kakang'ono kochokera ku United States kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, mpaka kumatha kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, nyumba zopitilira muyeso ku United States, nyumba zazikulu kwambiri ku United States kuti zitukuko mwachangu kwa United States. 1885 Ku United States of America ku Chicago kunamalizidwa pazomwe zimawerengedwa koyamba padziko lonse lapansi - nyumba ya inshuwaransi ya anthu 105m yayikulu (Chithunzi 1-2). Nyumbayo imagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yachitsulo ndi mzati wachitsulo chimango, khoma la njerwa lakunja lidakali khoma lonyamula katundu. Nkhani ya 9, 37-Meta 37 ikumanga mwamphamvu manago, omangidwa ku Chicago mu 1889, ndikuchotsa makoma ambili, ndipo kwenikweni anali nyumba yoyambirira yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chithunzi 1-2

M'zaka za zana la 20, ndi kusintha kwa njira zopangira chitsulo, nyumba zomanga pazitsulo ku United States zidayamba kulowa kale "skiyscrar" era. 1900 Kuzungulira kumapeto kwa nkhani za 36-zojambulajambula park moyenga ku New York, kunali nyumba yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse nthawi imeneyo. 1907 Ku New York anamaliza woimbayo nyumba, nkhani 47m Hight, ndiye piramid yoyambirira yamakono padziko lonse kuposa kukwera kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa Egypt. Mu 1918, New York inamaliza nkhani ya ubweya 60, maukwati 242-tobse-toven-can, nyumba yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi panthawiyo. Ndipo mu 1931 ku New York anamaliza zaka 1081m Hought State State (Chithunzi 1-3), ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, nyumbayi kuti isunge mbiri yomanga yapamwamba kwambiri kwa zaka 40.

Chithunzi 1-3

Mu 1965, Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan, mainjiniya otchuka a Soring (Skidmore, Odziwa) 1-1), kuphatikiza malo odziwika odziwika bwino padziko lonse (Chithunzi 1-4) ndi nsanja ya sears (Chithunzi 1-5). Kutengera lingaliro latsopanoli ndi kukula kwamphamvu kwa makina ophatikizika m'ma 1960s, United States idapanga ndi nyumba zingapo za Cylindrical (tebulo 1-5) ndi nsanja ya sears (1-5).

Chithunzi 1-4

Chithunzi 1-5

Kuphatikiza pa United States, Japan ndi nyumba yokhala ndi zitsulo zambiri, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa chitsulo chokhazikika ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, pali chifukwa china chofunikira kwambiri chokhalira ndi kukana kwa pambuyo. Chifukwa chakuti Japan ndi dziko lachiberekero, mpaka 1963 malo omanga nyumba ku Japan adangosintha nyumbayo saloledwa kupitirira 31m. Ku Seimatic, moto, mphepo ndi nkhani zina zasayansi pazakale zofufuzira za sayansi, zomwe zathedwa mu 1965, tokyo, Tokyo Hotel-New OTALE. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nyumba zazitsulo zokulirapo ku Japan zakhala zikukula mwachangu kwa zaka 36. Podzafika m'ma 1980, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zokulirapo kwambiri ku Japan kunali kwachiwiri kwa U.S., ndipo mu kafukufuku wa sayansi kwa chitsulo chochuluka, enc., adapanga mawonekedwe awo. Pakadali pano, nyumba zambiri zatsopano zatsopano kwambiri kuposa 20 pansi pa ku Japan khalani ndi chitsulo.

United Kingdom ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri la nyumba zopangira zitsulo ku Europe, malinga ndi malowa, pafupifupi 50% ya nyumba za United Kingdom zikugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha m'ma 1980s ku Nyumba Yosiyanasiyana ya Zipangizo Zosiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito kofala kwa nyumba zodziwika bwino ku UK kwapindula ndi chithandizo cha nthawi yayitali ku Britain (pambuyo pake kukhala coros (pambuyo pa kafukufuku wa chitsulo)

Southeast Asia ndi womaliza. Nyumba zazitali kwambiri zachuma zidayamba kumangidwa kwambiri m'derali pambuyo pa 1970s, koma ambiri aiwo ndi ma conicre olimbikitsira. Komabe, atalowa mu 1990s, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zokhala ndi nyumba zambiri kumakhala kofala kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyumba zokhala ndi zitsulo zachitika m'chaka cha China mu 1988 (1) (mkuyu.) Malawi, mu 1997 (mkuyu. 1-7).

Chithunzi 1-6

Chithunzi 1-7

Komanso nkhani ya 101, 508m-yayikulu ya Taipei Cardic Center (Chithunzi 1-8) Kumaliza ku Taipei ndi nthumwi ya ultra-rangeni.

Chithunzi 1-8

Chithunzi 1-9

Chifukwa chaukadaulo komanso zachuma, nyumba zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zopangidwa mwambidwira ku China kuyambira m'ma 1980s. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndi kusintha kwa China ndikutsegulira ndi kukula kwachuma, ku Benyani, Gunyhen, ndi zomangira zambiri zomwe zamangidwa ndi zitsulo za 88 421m-yayitali Jin Mao Tower (mkuyu. 1-9), yomwe pakadali pano nyumba yayitali kwambiri ku China, imalembedwa ngati yachitatu padziko lapansi. Mu 1998, nsanja ya 821-meta 421 (Chithunzi 1-9) inamangidwa, yomwe ili yomanga kwambiri ku China ndi yachitatu padziko lapansi, yomwe ili pafupi ndi nyumba zapamwamba za China zidalowa m'mitundu yapamwamba padziko lapansi.