Zoyambira Zisanu ndi zitatu za Kumanga kwa Frame Frame

I. Makhalidwe azitsulo kapangidwe

1. Kulemera kwachitsulo kwachitsulo ndikopepuka

2. Kudalirika kwakukulu kwa ntchito yomanga zitsulo

3. Kugwedezeka kwabwino (kugwedezeka) kukana ndi kukana kwachitsulo.

4. Digiri yapamwamba ya mafakitale opanga zitsulo zopanga zitsulo.

5. Kapangidwe kachitsulo kakhoza kusonkhanitsidwa molondola komanso mofulumira.

6. Zosavuta kupanga mawonekedwe osindikizidwa.

7. Kapangidwe kachitsulo ndikosavuta kuwononga.

8. Kapangidwe kachitsulo kamakhala kosakanizika ndi moto.

II. Ambiri ntchito zitsulo kapangidwe zitsulo kalasi ndi ntchito China:

1. Kaboni structural zitsulo: Q195, Q215, Q235, Q255, Q275, etc.

2. Low aloyi mkulu mphamvu structural zitsulo.

3. Quality mpweya structural zitsulo ndi aloyi structural zitsulo.

4. Chitsulo chapadera.

III. Mfundo yosankha zinthu zamapangidwe azitsulo

 Mfundo yosankha zinthu zamapangidwe achitsulo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yonyamula katundu yonyamula katundu ndikupewa kuwonongeka kwamphamvu pansi pamikhalidwe ina, malinga ndi kufunikira kwa kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe a katundu, mawonekedwe omangira, nkhawa, njira zolumikizira, makulidwe achitsulo ndi malo ogwira ntchito, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimaganiziridwa bwino.

IV. Zaukadaulo zomwe zili muzitsulo zazikuluzikulu

 (1) Ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wamapangidwe azitsulo. Malingana ndi kutalika kwa nyumba ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe, chimango, chithandizo cha chimango, silinda ndi chimphona chachikulu chimatengedwa motsatira, ndipo zigawo zake zikhoza kupangidwa ndi chitsulo, konkire yolimba yolimba kapena chitsulo chachitsulo. Zitsulo zachitsulo zimakhala zopepuka komanso zodulira, ndipo zitsulo zowotcherera kapena zitsulo zopindidwa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, zomwe zili zoyenera ku nyumba zapamwamba kwambiri; zigawo zolimba zolimba za konkire zimakhala ndi kulimba kwakukulu komanso kukana moto wabwino, zomwe zili zoyenera pakatikati ndi nyumba zapamwamba kapena zapansi; konkire yachitsulo ndi yosavuta kupanga ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mizati yokha.

(2) Ukadaulo wa zitsulo zamlengalenga. Dongosolo lachitsulo cham'mlengalenga lili ndi kudziyesa kopepuka, kusasunthika kwakukulu, kukongola kokongola komanso liwiro lomanga. Mpira mfundo lathyathyathya mbale ukonde chimango, Mipikisano wosanjikiza variable mtanda gawo ukonde chimango ndi ukonde chipolopolo ndi zitsulo chitoliro monga ndodo ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha danga zitsulo kapangidwe mu China. Zili ndi ubwino wa kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa malo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zochepa pamapangidwe, zomangamanga ndi zoyendera, ndipo zimatha kupereka CAD yathunthu. kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe a chimango cha ukonde, mawonekedwe a danga amakhalanso ndi chingwe chachikulu choyimitsidwa, chingwe cha membrane ndi zina zotero.

(3) Ukadaulo wopepuka wazitsulo. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chitsulo chopepuka chopangidwa ndi khoma ndi denga lotsekeka lopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe atsopano. Ndi zoposa 5mm zitsulo mbale welded kapena adagulung'undisa lalikulu mtanda gawo la woonda-mipanda H-mtengo khoma matabwa ndi purlins padenga, zitsulo zozungulira mu dongosolo flexible thandizo ndi mkulu-mphamvu mabawuti olumikizidwa kwa dongosolo opepuka zitsulo dongosolo, ndime katayanitsidwe angathe. kuyambira 6m mpaka 9m, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 30m kapena kupitilira apo, kutalika kwake kumatha kupitilira mamita khumi ndi awiri ndipo kumatha kukhazikitsidwa mpaka kupachikika anayi. Kuchuluka kwachitsulo 20 ~ 30kg/m2. Tsopano pali ndondomeko yokhazikika kamangidwe ndi mabizinesi apadera kupanga, khalidwe mankhwala, kudya unsembe, kulemera kuwala, ndalama zochepa, yomanga si malire ndi nyengo, oyenera zosiyanasiyana nyumba kuwala mafakitale.

(4) zitsulo ndi konkire kuphatikiza kapangidwe luso. Kuwongolera zitsulo kapena zitsulo ndi zigawo za konkire zopangidwa ndi mizati, mizati, katundu wonyamula katundu wa zitsulo-konkriti ophatikizana, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwakhala kukukulirakulira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kapangidwe kaphatikizidwe kazitsulo ndi konkriti zonse zabwino, mphamvu zonse, kukhazikika bwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino a zivomezi, pomwe ntchito yakunja konkire imapangidwa, moto wabwino kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza structural zigawo zikuluzikulu akhoza zambiri kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsulo 15-20%. Kuphatikiza chivundikiro pansi ndi zitsulo chitoliro zigawo zikuluzikulu konkire, komanso ali ndi ubwino zochepa nkhungu thandizo kapena nkhungu thandizo, yomanga ndi yabwino ndi kudya, Kukwezeleza kuthekera kwakukulu. Oyenera nyumba zamitundu yambiri kapena zazitali zokhala ndi matabwa akuluakulu azithunzi, mizati ndi zophimba, nyumba zamafakitale, zipilala ndi zophimba, ndi zina zambiri.

(5) Kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa bawuti ndiukadaulo wazowotcherera. Bawuti yolimba kwambiri imadutsa pakukangana kusamutsa kupsinjika, ndi bawuti, nati ndi washer magawo atatu. Ndi ubwino wa zomangamanga zosavuta, kuthyola kosinthika, kunyamula kwakukulu, ntchito yabwino yotsutsa kutopa ndi kudzitsekera, chitetezo chapamwamba, ndi zina zotero, kugwirizana kwa bawuti kwamphamvu kwambiri kwalowa m'malo mwa riveting ndi kuwotcherera pang'ono mu polojekitiyi, ndipo yakhala yaikulu. njira zolumikizirana popanga ndi kukhazikitsa zitsulo. Pazigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa mumsonkhanowu, kuwotcherera kwa mawaya angapo omangika kumayenera kutengedwa pama mbale wandiweyani, ndipo njira monga kuwotcherera kwa spout electroslag ziyenera kutsatiridwa pamagawo ozungulira ngati bokosi. Ukadaulo wowotcherera wa semi-automatic ndi waya wotetezedwa ndi gasi-wotchinga ndi ukadaulo wodziteteza wodzitetezera wa flux-cored waya ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pomanga pamalowo.

(6) Tekinoloje yachitetezo chazitsulo. Kutetezedwa kwazitsulo kumaphatikizapo chitetezo chamoto, anticorrosion ndi antirust, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatengedwa pambuyo pochizira moto popanda mankhwala oletsa kutupa, koma chithandizo cha anticorrosion chikufunikabe m'nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wowononga. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zokutira zapakhomo, monga TN mndandanda, MC-10, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, zokutira zamoto za MC-10 zimakhala ndi utoto wa maginito alkyd, utoto wa rabara wa chlorinated, utoto wa rabara wa fluorine ndi utoto wa chlorosulphonated. Pomangapo, zokutira zoyenera ndi makulidwe a zokutira ziyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa chitsulo, kukana moto wofunikira komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe.

V. Zolinga ndi Miyeso ya Zomangamanga za Zitsulo

 Ukatswiri wamapangidwe azitsulo umaphatikizapo magawo osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo, ndipo uyenera kutsata miyezo yadziko ndi mafakitale pakulimbikitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Madipatimenti oyang'anira zomanga m'deralo akuyenera kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga gawo lapadera la uinjiniya wazitsulo, kukonza zophunzitsira za gulu loyang'anira bwino, ndikufotokozera mwachidule ntchito yogwirira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano munthawi yake. makoleji ndi mayunivesite, madipatimenti kapangidwe ndi mabizinezi zomangamanga ayenera imathandizira kulima zitsulo zomangamanga mainjiniya ndi amisiri, ndi kulimbikitsa okhwima ukadaulo wa zitsulo kapangidwe CAD. magulu maphunziro misa ayenera kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha luso zitsulo kapangidwe, ambiri kuchita zoweta ndi akunja kuphana maphunziro ndi ntchito maphunziro, ndi mwachangu kuika mlingo wonse wa kapangidwe zitsulo kapangidwe, kupeka ndi zomangamanga ndi unsembe luso posachedwapa, amene akhoza adalipidwa chifukwa chakuchita bwino.

VI. Kulumikizana kwazitsulo zazitsulo

 (A) Kuwotcherera msoko

Weld kugwirizana ndi kutentha kwaiye ndi arc kuti kuwotcherera ndodo ndi kuwotcherera m'deralo kusungunuka, kuzirala condensation mu weld, kuti weldment chikugwirizana kukhala chimodzi.

Ubwino: sikufooketsa gawo la membala, kupulumutsa chitsulo, kapangidwe kosavuta, kosavuta kupanga, kulimba kwa kulumikizana, kusindikiza bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta pazinthu zina zodzichitira zokha, kuchita bwino kwambiri.

Kuipa: kuwotcherera pafupi zitsulo chifukwa kuwotcherera mkulu kutentha zotsatira za mapangidwe zone kutentha okhudzidwa kungakhale mbali zina za zinthu amakhala Chimaona; kuwotcherera ndondomeko zitsulo ndi kugawa m'goli kutentha ndi kuzirala, kotero kuti dongosolo weld yotsalira nkhawa ndi mapindikidwe otsalira pa dongosolo kubala mphamvu, stiffness ndi ntchito ali ndi zotsatira zina; kapangidwe ka welded chifukwa cha kuuma kwa lalikulu, ming'alu m'deralo mosavuta anawonjezera lonse, makamaka pa otsika kutentha sachedwa Chimaona fracture; olowa olowa chifukwa cha kuuma, m`deralo ming`alu zimachitika mosavuta anawonjezera lonse, makamaka pa kutentha otsika. Kuphulika kwa Brittle; weld kugwirizana plasticity ndi kulimba ndi osauka, kuwotcherera akhoza kubala zilema, kuti kutopa mphamvu yafupika.

(B) kulumikizana kwa bolt

Kulumikizana kwa bolt kumadutsa zomangira za bawuti monga zolumikizira zolumikizidwa kuti zikhale chimodzi. Kulumikiza kwa bawuti kumagawidwa kukhala kulumikizidwa kwa bawuti wamba komanso kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri.

Ubwino: njira yosavuta yomanga, yosavuta kukhazikitsa, makamaka yoyenera kugwirizana kwa unsembe wa malo, komanso zosavuta kusokoneza, zoyenera kufunikira kukhazikitsa ndi kusokoneza dongosolo ndi kugwirizana kwakanthawi.

Zoipa: kufunika kotsegula mabowo mu mbale ndi kusonkhanitsa mabowo, kuonjezera ntchito yopangira zinthu, ndi kupanga zofunikira zolondola kwambiri; mabowo a bawuti amafooketsa gawo lalikulu la gawolo, ndipo mbali zolumikizidwa nthawi zambiri zimafunika kukulungidwa kapena mbale yowonjezera yowonjezera (kapena ngodya), motero kumanga kovutirapo komanso chitsulo chokwera mtengo.

(C) kulumikizana kwamphamvu

Kulumikizana kwa Rivet ndi mbali imodzi yokhala ndi mutu wozungulira wozungulira wa rivet, ndodo ya msomali imawotcha mofiyira ndikulowetsedwa mwachangu m'mabowo a misomali mu cholumikizira, ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya rivet imakulitsidwanso kumapeto kwina kwa msomali. mutu, kuti apange kugwirizana kuti akwaniritse kumangirira.

Ubwino: riveting odalirika mphamvu kufala, plasticity, kulimba ndi bwino, khalidwe n'zosavuta kufufuza ndi kuonetsetsa kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito zolemetsa ndi mwachindunji kubala mphamvu katundu dongosolo.Disadvantages: njira riveting ndi zovuta, kupanga zodula ndi ntchito kwambiri, ndi ntchito. -zovuta, kotero zakhala zikusinthidwaced ndi kuwotcherera ndi mkulu-mphamvu bolt kulumikiza.

VII. kugwirizana welded

 (A) Njira zowotcherera

Njira yowotcherera yodziwika bwino pamapangidwe achitsulo ndi kuwotcherera kwa arc yamagetsi, kuphatikiza kuwotcherera kwa arc, automatic kapena theka-automatic arc kuwotcherera ndi kuwotcherera kwa gasi.

Manual arc kuwotcherera ndi njira yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapangidwe achitsulo, okhala ndi zida zosavuta, zosinthika komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, mikhalidwe ya ntchito ndi osauka, zokolola n'zochepa kuposa kuti kuwotcherera basi kapena theka-zodziwikiratu, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa weld khalidwe lalikulu, zomwe zimadalira luso luso kuwotcherera pamlingo winawake.

Makinawa kuwotcherera msoko kukhazikika, kuwotcherera zilema mkati zochepa, plasticity wabwino, zotsatira zabwino kulimba, oyenera kuwotcherera yaitali mwachindunji kuwotcherera. Semi-automatic kuwotcherera chifukwa cha ntchito yamanja, yoyenera kuwotcherera pamapindikira kapena mawonekedwe osasintha a weld. Makinawa ndi theka-automatic kuwotcherera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi lalikulu la zitsulo ndi flux n'zogwirizana ndi waya, waya ayenera mogwirizana ndi mfundo za dziko, flux ayenera anatsimikiza malinga ndi zofunika ndondomeko kuwotcherera.

Kuwotcherera kotetezedwa ndi mpweya ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa inert (kapena CO2) ngati njira yotetezera ku arc, kuti chitsulo chosungunula chikhale chopanda mlengalenga kuti ntchito yowotcherera ikhale yokhazikika. Gasi wotetezedwa ndi kuwotcherera arc Kutentha ndende, kuwotcherera liwiro, kuya kwa maphatikizidwe, kotero mphamvu ya weld ndi apamwamba kuposa kuwotcherera Buku. Ndipo pulasitiki wabwino ndi kukana dzimbiri, oyenera kuwotcherera zitsulo wandiweyani.

(B) mawonekedwe a weld

Weld kugwirizana mawonekedwe malinga ndi chikugwirizana ndi udindo wa mamembala akhoza kugawidwa mu matako, lap, T woboola pakati kugwirizana ndi ngodya kugwirizana ndi mitundu inayi. Maulumikizidwewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu weld seam butt weld ndi fillet weld mitundu iwiri yoyambira. Mu ntchito yeniyeni, iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kuwotcherera zinthu zosankhidwa.

(C) weld kapangidwe

1, Kuwotchera

Butt amawotcherera kutengerapo kwamphamvu, kosalala, palibe vuto lalikulu la kupsinjika, motero ntchito yabwino, yonyamula katundu wosasunthika komanso yosunthika imagwira ntchito pakulumikizana kwa zigawo. Komabe, chifukwa cha zofunikira zapamwamba za weld wowotcherera, kusiyana kwa kuwotcherera pakati pa ma weld ndikofunikira kwambiri, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira fakitale.

2, kuwotcherera fillet

Mawonekedwe a weld fillet: fillet weld malinga ndi kutalika kwake ndi malangizo a mphamvu yakunja, amatha kugawidwa mofanana ndi mbali ya weld force weld, perpendicular to direction of the front of the force fillet weld. ndipo mayendedwe a mphamvu amadutsana mozungulira ndi oblique fillet weld ndi circumferential weld.

Mawonekedwe amtundu wa fillet weld amagawidwanso kukhala wamba, otsetsereka komanso mtundu wakuya wophatikizika. Pachithunzichi, hf amatchedwa kukula kwa phazi la weld fillet. Wamba wamba mtanda gawo kuwotcherera phazi chiŵerengero cha 1: 1, ofanana ndi isosceles makona atatu kumanja, mphamvu kufala mzere kupinda ndi kwambiri, kotero ndende ndende ndi lalikulu. Kwa kapangidwe kamene kamakhala ndi katundu wosunthika, kuti mphamvuyo ikhale yosalala, yowotcherera ngodya yakutsogolo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mphepete mwa ngodya ya 1: 1.

VIII. mgwirizano wa bawuti

(A) Mapangidwe a kulumikizana kwa bawuti wamba

1, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a bawuti wamba

2, Makonzedwe a kulumikizana kwa bawuti wamba

Kukonzekera kwa ma bolts kuyenera kukhala kosavuta, kofanana ndi kophatikizana, kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu, kumanga koyenera komanso kosavuta kukhazikitsa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya makonzedwe: mbali ndi mbali ndi zandalama. Kuphatikizikako ndikosavuta komanso kukhazikika kokhazikika kumakhala kophatikizana.

(B) mphamvu makhalidwe wamba bawuti kugwirizana

1, kulumikizana ndi bawuti ya shear

2, Kulumikizana kolimba bawuti

3, Kuvuta ndi kukameta ubweya wa bawuti

(C) mawonekedwe amphamvu a mabawuti amphamvu kwambiri

Kulumikizana kolimba kwambiri kwa bawuti kumatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ya mikangano ndi mtundu wa kuthamanga malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zofunikira. Mkangano mtundu kugwirizana mu kupirira kukameta ubweya, kunja kukameta ubweya mphamvu kufika pazipita kukana pakati mbale kwa malire boma; pamene kuposa pamene wachibale kuzembera pakati mbale, ndiko kuti, kugwirizana wakhala ankaona kuti walephera ndi kuwonongeka. Kupanikizika mtundu kugwirizana kukameta ubweya, ndiye kulola mikangano kugonjetsedwa ndi wachibale kuzembera pakati pa mbale, ndiyeno mphamvu kunja akhoza kupitiriza kuwonjezeka, ndipo kenako chiwonongeko chomaliza cha kukameta ubweya wononga kapena dzenje khoma kuthamanga kwa malire boma.